- Always and inevitably each of us underestimates the number of stupid individuals in circulation.
- The probability that a given person is stupid is independent of any other characteristic possessed by that person.
- A person is stupid if they cause damage to another person or group of people without experiencing personal gain, or even worse causing damage to themselves in the process.
- Non-stupid people always underestimate the harmful potential of stupid people; they constantly forget that at any time anywhere, and in any circumstance, dealing with or associating themselves with stupid individuals invariably constitutes a costly error.
- A stupid person is the most dangerous type of person there is.
6 November 2010
Carlo Cipolla's basic laws of human stupidity
I only knew the late Carlo C through his valuable Guns, Sails, and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 1400-1700 (1965), but on Googling him just now I came across this 1988 essay "The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity". They are:
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